Ethereum State Reverts on Out-of-Gas Sub-Calls
A failed inner call reverts only its own frame, the outer transaction can still succeed. The mechanic, the 63/64 rule, and what silent failure costs you.
№ 002BitcoinBitcoin Script Cannot Read External Data
Bitcoin Script is a sealed execution environment with no I/O. This piece traces the exact mechanism, the design reasoning, and what DLCs build around it.
№ 003SecurityBitcoin Script Stack Evaluation: Order Creates Bugs
Bitcoin Script's stack-based execution order produces subtle, costly bugs in complex spending conditions, mechanics and a worked example examined.
№ 004SecuritySmart Contract Proxy Storage Collision Explained
Proxy patterns enable smart contract upgrades, but storage slot collisions can silently corrupt funds, the mechanism, the tradeoffs, and what auditors check.
№ 005SecurityFormal Verification vs Smart Contract Security Audit
A security audit finds likely bugs. Formal verification proves their absence mathematically. The difference in cost, time, and guarantees, laid out plainly.
№ 006EthereumEthereum Transaction Reverts: Mechanics and Gas Costs
State rolls back cleanly on a revert, but gas does not. A precise breakdown of what the EVM discards, what it keeps, and who collects the fee.
№ 007EthereumWhy Gas Estimation Undercounts Smart Contract Costs
Gas estimation fails in predictable ways. Learn the exact mechanics behind undercounts, from storage slots to dynamic calls, with a worked example.
№ 008RegulationTornado Cash After Sanctions: Why the Contract Kept Running
OFAC sanctioned Tornado Cash in 2022, but the core smart contract kept processing funds. The mechanic behind that gap, and what it means for DeFi regulation.
№ 009EthereumEVM Object Format: Code and Data, Finally Separated
EOF gives Ethereum's bytecode a defined header, typed sections, and deploy-time validation. What the mechanics change, and what they don't.
№ 010SecurityHow DeFi Price Oracles Fail Under Flash Loan Attacks
Flash loans and slow manipulation break oracles in opposite ways. Understanding the mechanics helps you see why no single fix solves both problems.
№ 011EthereumEthereum's Deposit Contract: No Withdrawals by Design
Ethereum's deposit contract holds no withdrawal logic, no admin key, and no override. How 32 ETH became a one-way trip, and the tradeoffs that followed.
№ 012DeFiWhat Draws Liquidity to a New Smart Contract
Why some smart contracts attract millions in days while others sit empty. A precise look at the mechanics that drive liquidity accumulation after deployment.