OP_RETURN: Bitcoin's On-Chain Data Mechanism
OP_RETURN embeds arbitrary data in Bitcoin transactions without touching the UTXO set. The mechanism, relay policy distinctions, and where developers go wrong.
№ 002BitcoinBitcoin Taproot Scriptpath Spending: What the Chain Reveals
Scriptpath spending exposes your Merkle tree depth to every node operator. The mechanics, the fingerprinting risk, and what wallet developers are missing.
№ 003BitcoinBitcoin Taproot Leaf Version: Future-Proofing Scripts
The leaf version field reserves space for new Bitcoin script rules without a hard fork, the exact mechanism, the constraints, and what it enables.
№ 004BitcoinTaproot On-Chain: Keypath vs Scriptpath Spending
A Taproot output looks uniform until it's spent. The witness field reveals exactly which path was taken, and how much it exposes about your setup.
№ 005BitcoinBitcoin Miniscript Satisfier Algorithm Explained
Miniscript's satisfier finds the cheapest non-malleable witness across all valid spending paths. Worked example, malleability rules, and fee impact.
№ 006BitcoinTaproot's Fix for Bitcoin Witness Malleability
Taproot commits every spending script into the output's public key at creation, closing the script-substitution gap SegWit left open.
№ 007BitcoinBitcoin Taproot Key Path Spending and Script Privacy
Taproot key path spending makes complex Bitcoin contracts indistinguishable from simple payments. The mechanism, the limits, and why adoption breadth matters.
№ 008BitcoinBitcoin Sighash Flags: What Signatures Actually Commit To
Bitcoin sighash flags control exactly which transaction fields a signature binds to, understanding them separates safe wallet code from exploitable wallet code.
№ 009BitcoinBitcoin's Taproot Annex: Protocol Extensions Explained
The Taproot annex sits consensus-valid but relay-blocked inside every Taproot input, a reserved extension point whose format and uses are still being settled.
№ 010BitcoinBitcoin's Taproot Annex: Reserved Space Explained
The Taproot annex is a reserved byte field in Bitcoin transactions, committed at signing, consensus-valid today, and blank until a future soft fork fills it.
№ 011BitcoinBitcoin Covenant Proposals: Miner Trust and Recursion
CTV, CSFS, and MATT draw the line between allowed and forbidden differently, and each encodes a distinct bet on miner honesty and script recursion.
№ 012BitcoinBitcoin Sighash Flags: Partial Signing Explained
Sighash flags let Bitcoin signers commit to only part of a transaction, the mechanics, the real tradeoffs, and what each flag actually does.