Proof-of-Work Block Withholding Attacks Explained
A block withholding attacker drains a mining pool's revenue while submitting clean shares. The mechanics, the math, and why detection takes months.
№ 002BitcoinBitcoin Proof-of-Work: Why Blocks Cost Real Energy
Bitcoin's Hashcash mechanism forces miners to burn electricity to produce valid blocks. The energy expenditure is the security model, not a design flaw.
№ 003AnalysisEconomic Attacks: Proof-of-Stake vs Proof-of-Work
Attack costs in PoS and PoW differ mechanically, not just in scale. A precise breakdown of what attackers spend, risk, and lose in each model.
№ 004MiningBitcoin Nonce Exhaustion: How Miners Roll Timestamps
A single ASIC sweeps Bitcoin's 4-billion nonce space in 0.00003 seconds. The timestamp field and ExtraNonce are what keep the search running.
№ 005BitcoinWhy Bitcoin's Timechain Makes Censorship Very Costly
Bitcoin's block structure makes retroactively censoring a confirmed transaction ruinously costly. Here's the exact mechanism, with numbers.
№ 006MiningWhy PoW Difficulty Adjustments Lag Behind Hash Rate Drops
When miners leave suddenly, blocks slow to a crawl before difficulty catches up. Here's the exact mechanic, the numbers, and why it matters.
№ 007SecuritySybil Attacks on Nakamoto Consensus: The Real Cost
Why flooding a proof-of-work network with fake identities doesn't work: the economic mechanics that make Sybil attacks prohibitively expensive.
№ 008MiningWhy Miners Sometimes Orphan Their Own Blocks
Proof-of-work miners occasionally discard valid blocks they just mined. Here's the exact mechanic, why it happens, and what it reveals about mining incentives.
№ 009EthereumEthereum Uncle Blocks and Network Security Explained
Uncle blocks shaped Ethereum's proof-of-work security in ways most guides miss. Here's the concrete mechanics, the tradeoffs, and why the Merge ended them.