№ 001Ethereum

Ethereum's Fork Choice Rule: Tie-Breaking in LMD-GHOST

When two Ethereum blocks carry identical attestation weight, a deterministic root-hash rule decides the winner, the mechanic explained, with a worked example.

Ethan Caldwell5 min read / 27.07.2026

№ 002Ethereum

Ethereum's Fork Choice Rule and Late Attestations

How Ethereum's LMD-GHOST handles attestations that arrive after the voting deadline, and what it means for chain security.

Lucas Harper4 min read / 25.07.2026

№ 003Ethereum

Ethereum's Gasper Consensus: Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST

Gasper powers Ethereum's finality. Learn how Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST fork choice combine to keep the chain safe and live.

Lucas Harper7 min read / 21.07.2026