Bitcoin Nonce Exhaustion and Extra-Nonce Mining Explained
Modern ASICs exhaust Bitcoin's 4-billion nonce space in microseconds. This is the exact mechanism pools use to keep miners working.
№ 002BitcoinBitcoin Proof-of-Work: Why Blocks Cost Real Energy
Bitcoin's Hashcash mechanism forces miners to burn electricity to produce valid blocks. The energy expenditure is the security model, not a design flaw.