Ethereum Snap Sync: State Verification Without Full History
Snap sync lets Ethereum nodes verify current state without replaying every transaction, exact mechanism, security trade-offs, and a worked example included.
№ 086BitcoinBitcoin's Unspendable Outputs and the Shrinking Float
Millions of BTC are locked in addresses no one controls. The supply effect is real; the estimates are murkier than most analysts admit.
№ 087DeFiMerkle Proofs and Selective Disclosure in Digital Identity
Merkle proofs let you prove one credential claim without exposing the rest. Here is the exact mechanism, a worked example, and the tradeoffs that matter.
№ 088EthereumLayer-Two Networks and Ethereum Security Inheritance
Not every L2 borrows Ethereum's security guarantees, the mechanical gap between those that do and those that only borrow its liquidity, explained.
№ 089SecurityKeccak-256 Preimage Resistance and Ethereum's State Trie
How Ethereum's Keccak-256 hash function blocks preimage attacks on the state trie, explained with concrete mechanics and a worked example.
№ 090DeFiZero Slippage Tolerance Starves Sandwich Bots
Zero slippage tolerance forces sandwich bots into guaranteed losses, the mechanics of amountOutMinimum explain exactly why the attack collapses.
№ 091BitcoinBitcoin Proof-of-Work: Why Blocks Cost Real Energy
Bitcoin's Hashcash mechanism forces miners to burn electricity to produce valid blocks. The energy expenditure is the security model, not a design flaw.
№ 092SecurityCross-Chain Governance Attacks via Bridge Collateral
Bridges holding governance-eligible collateral can swing a vote without buying a single token. The mechanics, failure modes, and limits of standard mitigations.
№ 093SecurityMerkle Mountain Ranges: Proof of Inclusion Explained
MMRs let blockchains prove data inclusion against a growing history without invalidating old proofs. The mechanic, the math, and the tradeoffs.
№ 094AnalysisEconomic Attacks: Proof-of-Stake vs Proof-of-Work
Attack costs in PoS and PoW differ mechanically, not just in scale. A precise breakdown of what attackers spend, risk, and lose in each model.
№ 095EthereumEthereum Transaction Reverts: Mechanics and Gas Costs
State rolls back cleanly on a revert, but gas does not. A precise breakdown of what the EVM discards, what it keeps, and who collects the fee.
№ 096BitcoinBitcoin Node Security: Outbound vs Inbound Connections
Bitcoin Core trusts outbound connections more than inbound, and for precise reasons. The security logic behind that asymmetry, explained for node operators.