Bitcoin's Quadratic Sighash Bug, Explained
Before SegWit, a single crafted transaction could stall nodes for minutes. The mechanism, the real attack surface, and what BIP143 actually changed.
№ 086MiningStratum V2 Job Negotiation: Miners Reclaim Block Templates
Stratum V2 lets miners build their own block templates, stripping pool operators of the power to quietly drop specific transactions. The mechanics, examined.
№ 087EthereumEthereum's Fork Choice Rule: Tie-Breaking in LMD-GHOST
When two Ethereum blocks carry identical attestation weight, a deterministic root-hash rule decides the winner, the mechanic explained, with a worked example.
№ 088BitcoinBitcoin Hashrate Escrow and Merged-Mined Sidechains
Hashrate escrow lets Bitcoin miners secure sidechains without a second consensus system, the exact mechanism, BIP 300 numbers, and honest caveats included.
№ 089EthereumEthereum State Reverts on Out-of-Gas Sub-Calls
A failed inner call reverts only its own frame, the outer transaction can still succeed. The mechanic, the 63/64 rule, and what silent failure costs you.
№ 090MiningStratum V2: Bitcoin Miners Reclaim Block Template Control
Stratum V2 separates transaction selection from hashrate contribution, giving individual miners editorial control over what their machines actually confirm.
№ 091EthereumEthereum Gasper: Proposer Slashing Explained
Gasper slashes validators who sign two blocks at the same slot. Mechanism, correlation penalty math, and a concrete worked example.
№ 092BitcoinBitcoin's Taproot Annex: Reserved Space Explained
The Taproot annex is a reserved byte field in Bitcoin transactions, committed at signing, consensus-valid today, and blank until a future soft fork fills it.
№ 093EthereumEthereum's Fork Choice Rule and Late Attestations
How Ethereum's LMD-GHOST handles attestations that arrive after the voting deadline, and what it means for chain security.
№ 094EthereumEthereum Blob Data: Why Smart Contracts Can't Read It
Blob transactions cut rollup data costs sharply, but the EVM only ever sees a 48-byte commitment. The mechanical reason is deliberate, and worth understanding.
№ 095EthereumEthereum Verkle Trees and State Proof Economics
Verkle trees cut Ethereum witness sizes from megabytes to ~150 KB, reshaping costs for node operators, validators, and proof generators.
№ 096BitcoinBitcoin Miniscript: Complex Spending Conditions Explained
Miniscript compiles human-readable Bitcoin spending policies into verifiable, non-malleable Script, concrete mechanism and a worked treasury example inside.