Bitcoin Script Stack Evaluation: Order Creates Bugs
Bitcoin Script's stack-based execution order produces subtle, costly bugs in complex spending conditions, mechanics and a worked example examined.
№ 002SecuritySmart Contract Proxy Storage Collision Explained
Proxy patterns enable smart contract upgrades, but storage slot collisions can silently corrupt funds, the mechanism, the tradeoffs, and what auditors check.
№ 003SecurityBulletproofs: Range Proof Verification at Logarithmic Scale
Bulletproofs cut Monero range proof sizes from ~13 KB to under 800 bytes. The mechanism is a recursive inner product argument, and the math holds up.
№ 004SecurityVerifiable Delay Functions and Randomness Beacon Security
VDFs make on-chain randomness manipulation structurally expensive via a sequential delay no adversary can compress. The mechanics, caveats, tradeoffs.
№ 005SecurityFormal Verification vs Smart Contract Security Audit
A security audit finds likely bugs. Formal verification proves their absence mathematically. The difference in cost, time, and guarantees, laid out plainly.
№ 006SecurityKeccak-256 Preimage Resistance and Ethereum's State Trie
How Ethereum's Keccak-256 hash function blocks preimage attacks on the state trie, explained with concrete mechanics and a worked example.
№ 007SecurityCross-Chain Governance Attacks via Bridge Collateral
Bridges holding governance-eligible collateral can swing a vote without buying a single token. The mechanics, failure modes, and limits of standard mitigations.
№ 008SecurityMerkle Mountain Ranges: Proof of Inclusion Explained
MMRs let blockchains prove data inclusion against a growing history without invalidating old proofs. The mechanic, the math, and the tradeoffs.
№ 009SecurityHomomorphic Encryption vs Zero-Knowledge Proofs
HE computes on encrypted data; ZK proofs verify claims about it. Understanding the mechanical difference prevents costly architectural mistakes.
№ 010SecurityHow DeFi Price Oracles Fail Under Flash Loan Attacks
Flash loans and slow manipulation break oracles in opposite ways. Understanding the mechanics helps you see why no single fix solves both problems.
№ 011SecurityBitcoin Peer Discovery and Eclipse Attacks Explained
Bitcoin's peer discovery resists eclipse attacks via randomized bucketing, anchor peers, and subnet limits, but the gaps are real and worth knowing.
№ 012SecurityConfidential Asset Protocols: Hiding Amounts on Chain
Pedersen commitments and range proofs shield transaction amounts on-chain while preserving cryptographically sound audit trails for regulators and investors.