Ethereum Precompiles Require Consensus Changes
Ethereum precompiles live in client code, not on-chain bytecode. Adding one splits the network unless every node upgrades at the same block height.
№ 050EthereumEthereum Blob Fee Market: Target Usage and Repricing
Blob fees on Ethereum run a separate EIP-1559 loop from gas, compounding at 12.5% per block. The arithmetic behind rollup cost spikes, explained.
№ 051BitcoinBitcoin Weight Units and SegWit Fee Rates Explained
Weight units split transactions into base and witness data, priced at 4:1. The math behind sat/vB, vbytes, and why SegWit inputs cost ~40% less.
№ 052BitcoinBitcoin's Median Time Past Rule Explained
Miners set their own block timestamps. Bitcoin's Median Time Past rule is why that doesn't let them unlock CLTV-protected coins early, the mechanic, precisely.
№ 053EthereumEthereum Inclusion Lists: Constraining Builder Censorship
Inclusion lists let validators force transactions into blocks without dismantling MEV auctions, the mechanism, tradeoffs, and problem they solve.
№ 054BitcoinBitcoin Erlay vs INV Relay: Propagation Compared
Erlay swaps Bitcoin's INV flood for set reconciliation via PinSketch, cutting relay bandwidth ~40%. The mechanism, the math, and the real tradeoffs.
№ 055BitcoinBitcoin Fee Estimation: How Wallets Diverge Under Congestion
Same mempool, two wallets, wildly different fee suggestions. The mechanics of Bitcoin fee estimation algorithms, and why they split under congestion.
№ 056EthereumEthereum Validator Penalties: Inactivity Leaks vs Slashing
Inactivity leaks and slashing penalize Ethereum validators through different mechanisms. The math, timelines, and what each means for staking economics.
№ 057BitcoinBitcoin Script Clean Stack Rules in Tapscript
How Bitcoin's clean stack rule works after Tapscript execution, why it differs from legacy Script, and what it means for spending conditions.
№ 058EthereumEthereum Storage Slot Packing and Gas Costs Explained
How Ethereum's 32-byte slot packing rules determine whether reading a struct costs 200 gas or 2,100. The mechanic, with worked examples.
№ 059BitcoinBitcoin Erlay: Set Reconciliation Explained
Erlay replaces Bitcoin's flood-based INV announcements with set reconciliation, cutting transaction bandwidth roughly 40% without sacrificing propagation speed.
№ 060EthereumEthereum SSZ vs RLP: Why the Migration Stalled
SSZ offers cleaner Merkle proofs and faster light clients. RLP still runs the execution layer. The exact mechanics, and the switching costs, explained.