Bitcoin Output Script Versioning and Covenant Enforcement
How Bitcoin's script versioning lets developers add spending rules without breaking old nodes. The mechanics, tradeoffs, and a worked example.
№ 110EthereumEthereum Inclusion Lists and Builder Censorship
Inclusion lists let validators force transactions into blocks without ending builder specialization. The mechanism, its limits, and what it changes in practice.
№ 111BitcoinBitcoin Sighash Flags: Partial Signing Explained
Sighash flags let Bitcoin signers commit to only part of a transaction, the mechanics, the real tradeoffs, and what each flag actually does.
№ 112EthereumEthereum Trie Depth and Light Client Proof Costs
Ethereum's Keccak-256 state trie depth sets the floor for light client proof costs. Precise mechanics, worked numbers, and what Verkle tries actually change.
№ 113BitcoinBitcoin Silent Payments: Unique Addresses via BIP-352
BIP-352 lets senders derive a fresh Bitcoin address from your published keys alone, no coordination, no on-chain fingerprint. The mechanism, plainly explained.
№ 114EthereumEthereum Attestation Aggregation Explained
Ethereum's attestation aggregation shrinks consensus bandwidth by orders of magnitude while keeping fault tolerance intact. The actual mechanism, examined.
№ 115BitcoinBitcoin Erlay Protocol: Cutting Node Bandwidth by 40%
Erlay uses set reconciliation to cut Bitcoin node bandwidth ~40%. The mechanism, a worked example, and an honest account of the latency trade-off.
№ 116BitcoinBitcoin Transaction Pinning and Fee Bumping Reliability
Transaction pinning can trap a Lightning channel close at a low fee rate, blocking CPFP and RBF. The mechanics, the stakes, and the fixes underway.
№ 117BitcoinBitcoin Covenant Proposals: Security Assumptions Compared
CTV, CSFS, APO, and CAT rest on structurally different trust models. A mechanical breakdown of what actually separates them, and why it matters.
№ 118BitcoinBitcoin Script and Recursive Covenants: The Opcode Gap
Bitcoin Script cannot inspect its own outputs, making recursive covenants impossible today. The mechanics, the proposals, and the tradeoffs, examined plainly.
№ 119EthereumEthereum Validator Exit Queue and Slashing Explained
How Ethereum's exit queue and slashing penalties interact during withdrawal, the mechanics, the math, and what validators actually face.
№ 120MiningBitcoin Nonce Patterns and What They Reveal About ASICs
How a miner's nonce recycling behavior exposes its firmware strategy to anyone watching the blockchain. The mechanics, plainly explained.