Ethereum Storage Slots: Packed vs Unpacked Struct Gas Costs
How Solidity packs struct variables into 32-byte storage slots, why layout order determines your gas bill, and what the tradeoffs actually look like.
№ 002EthereumEthereum Storage Slot Packing and Gas Costs Explained
How Ethereum's 32-byte slot packing rules determine whether reading a struct costs 200 gas or 2,100. The mechanic, with worked examples.
№ 003EthereumEthereum State Reverts on Out-of-Gas Sub-Calls
A failed inner call reverts only its own frame, the outer transaction can still succeed. The mechanic, the 63/64 rule, and what silent failure costs you.
№ 004EthereumEthereum Transaction Reverts: Mechanics and Gas Costs
State rolls back cleanly on a revert, but gas does not. A precise breakdown of what the EVM discards, what it keeps, and who collects the fee.
№ 005EthereumWhy Gas Estimation Undercounts Smart Contract Costs
Gas estimation fails in predictable ways. Learn the exact mechanics behind undercounts, from storage slots to dynamic calls, with a worked example.
№ 006EthereumEVM Object Format: Code and Data, Finally Separated
EOF gives Ethereum's bytecode a defined header, typed sections, and deploy-time validation. What the mechanics change, and what they don't.
№ 007EthereumEthereum's Deposit Contract: No Withdrawals by Design
Ethereum's deposit contract holds no withdrawal logic, no admin key, and no override. How 32 ETH became a one-way trip, and the tradeoffs that followed.
№ 008EthereumWhy Some Ethereum Smart Contracts Can't Be Upgraded
Proxy patterns let developers upgrade smart contracts, but certain design choices make upgrading impossible. Here's exactly why, with concrete mechanics.