Ethereum's Keccak-256 vs SHA-3: Same Sponge, Different Hash
Ethereum uses Keccak-256, not NIST SHA-3. Same sponge construction, different padding, different output, and the gap has broken real production tooling.
№ 002EthereumEthereum Proposer Boost: Stopping Short-Range Reorg Attacks
Proposer boost adds a 40% committee-weight bonus to timely blocks, raising the cost of short-range reorg attacks above rational MEV profit thresholds.
№ 003EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period: How It's Calculated
Ethereum's weak subjectivity period isn't arbitrary. Learn how validator withdrawal rates set its length and why it matters for node security.
№ 004EthereumWhy Gas Estimation Undercounts Smart Contract Costs
Gas estimation fails in predictable ways. Learn the exact mechanics behind undercounts, from storage slots to dynamic calls, with a worked example.
№ 005EthereumValidator Client Diversity and Ethereum Safety
A majority-client bug can finalize a bad block permanently, understand why the validator layer carries more systemic risk than the execution layer.
№ 006EthereumEthereum's Deposit Contract: No Withdrawals by Design
Ethereum's deposit contract holds no withdrawal logic, no admin key, and no override. How 32 ETH became a one-way trip, and the tradeoffs that followed.
№ 007EthereumValidator Correlation Risk and Slashing in Staking Pools
Why slashing penalties scale with how many validators fail together, and how staking pool design either contains or amplifies that damage.
№ 008EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Checkpoints Explained
Long-range attacks can rewrite proof-of-stake history silently. This is the precise mechanism Ethereum uses to stop them, and what node operators must verify.
№ 009EthereumEthereum Validator Withdrawal Credentials Explained
BLS vs execution-layer withdrawal credentials create sharply different exit paths for dormant validators, a gap that compounds quietly and can strand funds.
№ 010EthereumEthereum Precompiles: How Crypto Operations Get Fast
Ethereum precompiles run heavy cryptographic work at fixed gas costs inside the client, not the EVM. Here's exactly how they work and why they matter.
№ 011EthereumEthereum Account Abstraction: Smart Contract Wallet Security
Account abstraction rewrites Ethereum's security model for wallets. Here's what actually changes, what improves, and what new risks quietly appear.
№ 012EthereumEthereum Proof-of-Stake Finality Explained
Ethereum's PoS finality isn't instant. Here's the exact two-epoch mechanic that determines when a block is truly safe to treat as settled.