Ethereum's Fork Choice Rule and Late Attestations
How Ethereum's LMD-GHOST handles attestations that arrive after the voting deadline, and what it means for chain security.
№ 038EthereumEthereum Blob Data: Why Smart Contracts Can't Read It
Blob transactions cut rollup data costs sharply, but the EVM only ever sees a 48-byte commitment. The mechanical reason is deliberate, and worth understanding.
№ 039EthereumEthereum Verkle Trees and State Proof Economics
Verkle trees cut Ethereum witness sizes from megabytes to ~150 KB, reshaping costs for node operators, validators, and proof generators.
№ 040EthereumEthereum EIP Types: Informational vs Core Explained
The EIP process splits proposals into distinct types for good reason. Learn how Informational and Core EIPs differ and why that distinction shapes Ethereum.
№ 041EthereumGasper Attestation Timing: Slot Weights Explained
Gasper cuts attestation rewards sharply with each slot of delay. The precise mechanic, the three scoring components, and worked numbers.
№ 042EthereumEthereum Inclusion Lists and Censorship Resistance
How Ethereum's inclusion list auction design limits builder censorship power, with concrete mechanics and honest caveats about what it can and can't fix.
№ 043EthereumEthereum Blob Fee Burns and Validator Rewards Explained
Blob transaction fees burn separately from execution gas. Here's exactly how that splits validator accounting during L2 congestion spikes.
№ 044EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST
Gasper powers Ethereum's finality. Learn how Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST fork choice combine to keep the chain safe and live.
№ 045EthereumEIP-1559 Base Fee Burn and Ethereum's Token Supply
EIP-1559 burns ETH with every transaction, the base fee mechanism reshapes long-term supply in ways that depend entirely on sustained network demand.
№ 046EthereumEthereum Inclusion Lists and Builder Censorship
Inclusion lists let validators force transactions into blocks without ending builder specialization. The mechanism, its limits, and what it changes in practice.
№ 047EthereumEthereum Trie Depth and Light Client Proof Costs
Ethereum's Keccak-256 state trie depth sets the floor for light client proof costs. Precise mechanics, worked numbers, and what Verkle tries actually change.
№ 048EthereumEthereum Attestation Aggregation Explained
Ethereum's attestation aggregation shrinks consensus bandwidth by orders of magnitude while keeping fault tolerance intact. The actual mechanism, examined.