Ethereum SSZ vs RLP: Why the Migration Stalled
SSZ offers cleaner Merkle proofs and faster light clients. RLP still runs the execution layer. The exact mechanics, and the switching costs, explained.
№ 026EthereumEthereum Withdrawal Credentials: BLS to Execution Migration
How Ethereum validators migrate withdrawal credentials from BLS to execution-layer addresses, what the process does mechanically, and why it's a one-way door.
№ 027EthereumEthereum Blob Pruning and the Fraud Proof Timing Risk
Ethereum deletes blob data after ~18 days, a pruning schedule that creates a concrete asymmetry for anyone challenging a rollup fraud proof.
№ 028EthereumEthereum Penalties: Inactivity Leaks vs Slashing Explained
Ethereum punishes validators two very different ways, the mechanics behind inactivity leaks and slashing, and why the math matters for stakers.
№ 029EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Fork Choice Explained
Gasper fuses LMD-GHOST and Casper FFG to resolve competing chain heads. A close look at the mechanics behind late attestations and local reorgs.
№ 030EthereumEthereum Blob Fee Market: Rollup Competition Explained
A fixed six-blob cap per block forces rollups into a live auction every twelve seconds. The mechanics, the incentives, and the numbers behind fee spikes.
№ 031EthereumEthereum Verkle Trees: Inclusion Proof Costs Explained
Verkle trees shrink validator witness data from megabytes to kilobytes per block. The mechanics, tradeoffs, and what it means for stateless clients.
№ 032EthereumEthereum Calldata Repricing and Layer-2 Economics
EIP-4844 and earlier calldata repricing reshaped what Layer-2 rollups pay to settle on Ethereum, the precise mechanics, the numbers, the limits.
№ 033EthereumEthereum Gasper Slashing: Attestation Rules and Penalties
Gasper punishes double voting and surround votes with scaled ETH penalties. The math, the failure modes, and why slashing protection databases matter.
№ 034EthereumEthereum's Fork Choice Rule: Tie-Breaking in LMD-GHOST
When two Ethereum blocks carry identical attestation weight, a deterministic root-hash rule decides the winner, the mechanic explained, with a worked example.
№ 035EthereumEthereum State Reverts on Out-of-Gas Sub-Calls
A failed inner call reverts only its own frame, the outer transaction can still succeed. The mechanic, the 63/64 rule, and what silent failure costs you.
№ 036EthereumEthereum Gasper: Proposer Slashing Explained
Gasper slashes validators who sign two blocks at the same slot. Mechanism, correlation penalty math, and a concrete worked example.