Ethereum Inclusion Lists and Builder Censorship
Inclusion lists let validators force transactions into blocks without ending builder specialization. The mechanism, its limits, and what it changes in practice.
№ 014EthereumEthereum Trie Depth and Light Client Proof Costs
Ethereum's Keccak-256 state trie depth sets the floor for light client proof costs. Precise mechanics, worked numbers, and what Verkle tries actually change.
№ 015EthereumEthereum Attestation Aggregation Explained
Ethereum's attestation aggregation shrinks consensus bandwidth by orders of magnitude while keeping fault tolerance intact. The actual mechanism, examined.
№ 016EthereumEthereum Validator Exit Queue and Slashing Explained
How Ethereum's exit queue and slashing penalties interact during withdrawal, the mechanics, the math, and what validators actually face.
№ 017EthereumEthereum Withdrawal Queue and Its Real Cost to Yield
Ethereum's activation and exit queues impose a computable drag on effective yield. The mechanism, the arithmetic, and what solo stakers typically miss.
№ 018EthereumEthereum's Keccak-256 vs SHA-3: Same Sponge, Different Hash
Ethereum uses Keccak-256, not NIST SHA-3. Same sponge construction, different padding, different output, and the gap has broken real production tooling.
№ 019EthereumEthereum Blob Fee Market vs Base Fee: The Split Explained
Ethereum's blob fees and base fees run on separate meters and diverge sharply during peak rollup demand. The mechanics, with numbers.
№ 020EthereumEthereum Verkle Trees: Witness Size for Stateless Clients
Verkle trees shrink Ethereum's cryptographic witnesses from megabytes to kilobytes, the mechanics of why that matters for stateless client verification.
№ 021EthereumStateless Ethereum Clients and Historical State Verification
Stateless clients verify the present with mathematical rigor, but historical state needs witness data that may not exist. The tradeoff, examined plainly.
№ 022EthereumEthereum Inactivity Leak and Clustered Validator Risk
How Ethereum's inactivity leak punishes geographically clustered validators harder than spread-out ones, and what the math actually looks like.
№ 023EthereumEthereum Proposer Boost: Stopping Short-Range Reorg Attacks
Proposer boost adds a 40% committee-weight bonus to timely blocks, raising the cost of short-range reorg attacks above rational MEV profit thresholds.
№ 024EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period: How It's Calculated
Ethereum's weak subjectivity period isn't arbitrary. Learn how validator withdrawal rates set its length and why it matters for node security.