How Bitcoin's UTXO Model Prevents Double Spending
Bitcoin stops double spending without a bank using unspent transaction outputs. Here's the exact mechanism, with a worked example.
№ 050BitcoinHow Hash Functions Prevent Bitcoin Block Malleability
Cryptographic hash functions lock every Bitcoin block into place. Here's the exact mechanism that makes retroactive tampering computationally absurd.
№ 051BitcoinHow Taproot Changed Bitcoin Multisig's On-Chain Footprint
Taproot made complex Bitcoin multisig wallets look identical to single-sig on-chain. Here's the exact mechanism, the tradeoffs, and what it means for privacy.
№ 052BitcoinBitcoin Dust Threshold: What Makes a UTXO Unspendable
The Bitcoin dust threshold isn't arbitrary. Here's the exact fee logic that turns a tiny UTXO into an unspendable output — and why it matters.
№ 053BitcoinOP_RETURN: How Bitcoin Stores Data On-Chain
OP_RETURN lets anyone embed up to 80 bytes of arbitrary data in a Bitcoin transaction. Here's exactly how it works and what it costs.
№ 054BitcoinBitcoin Institutionalization Faces a Fundamental Clash
A circular economy founder argues bitcoin institutionalization works against the asset's original design. Here's where the friction actually lives.
№ 055BitcoinHow Mempool Congestion Spreads Across Node Clusters
Mempool congestion doesn't hit all nodes at once. Here's how geographic propagation works and why your fee estimate can lag reality by minutes.