EVM Object Format: Code and Data, Finally Separated
EOF gives Ethereum's bytecode a defined header, typed sections, and deploy-time validation. What the mechanics change, and what they don't.
№ 050EthereumValidator Client Diversity and Ethereum Safety
A majority-client bug can finalize a bad block permanently, understand why the validator layer carries more systemic risk than the execution layer.
№ 051EthereumEthereum's Deposit Contract: No Withdrawals by Design
Ethereum's deposit contract holds no withdrawal logic, no admin key, and no override. How 32 ETH became a one-way trip, and the tradeoffs that followed.
№ 052EthereumEthereum Proposer-Builder Separation Explained
PBS splits block building from block proposing, reshaping MEV incentives, validator yields, and where ordering power actually concentrates.
№ 053DeFiUnclaimed Airdrop Tokens: Stranded in Smart Contracts
No sweep function means unclaimed airdrop tokens lock in a contract permanently. The mechanics, real protocol examples, and what a four-line fix looks like.
№ 054EthereumEthereum Engine API: Separating Consensus From Execution
The Engine API is the quiet wire between Ethereum's two client layers. Here's exactly how it works and why the split matters.
№ 055EthereumValidator Correlation Risk and Slashing in Staking Pools
Why slashing penalties scale with how many validators fail together, and how staking pool design either contains or amplifies that damage.
№ 056EthereumEthereum SSZ vs RLP: The Serialization Shift Explained
SSZ replaced RLP on Ethereum's consensus layer. The two formats differ in philosophy, Merkle support, and developer impact, a concrete technical breakdown.
№ 057EthereumCryptographic Accumulators and Stateless Clients
Cryptographic accumulators let blockchain clients verify transactions without storing full state, the mechanism, real tradeoffs, and decentralization stakes.
№ 058SecurityReplay Attacks vs Double-Spends on Forked Chains
Replay attacks and double-spends differ mechanically, defensively, and in attacker effort. The distinction shapes real security decisions on forked chains.
№ 059EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Checkpoints Explained
Long-range attacks can rewrite proof-of-stake history silently. This is the precise mechanism Ethereum uses to stop them, and what node operators must verify.
№ 060EthereumEthereum Validator Withdrawal Credentials Explained
BLS vs execution-layer withdrawal credentials create sharply different exit paths for dormant validators, a gap that compounds quietly and can strand funds.