Bitcoin Script Stack Evaluation: Order Creates Bugs
Bitcoin Script's stack-based execution order produces subtle, costly bugs in complex spending conditions, mechanics and a worked example examined.
№ 002SecurityMerkle Mountain Ranges: Proof of Inclusion Explained
MMRs let blockchains prove data inclusion against a growing history without invalidating old proofs. The mechanic, the math, and the tradeoffs.
№ 003SecurityBitcoin Peer Discovery and Eclipse Attacks Explained
Bitcoin's peer discovery resists eclipse attacks via randomized bucketing, anchor peers, and subnet limits, but the gaps are real and worth knowing.
№ 004SecurityReplay Attacks vs Double-Spends on Forked Chains
Replay attacks and double-spends differ mechanically, defensively, and in attacker effort. The distinction shapes real security decisions on forked chains.
№ 005SecurityFrance Sets 2027 Deadline for Quantum-Safe Encryption
France will stop certifying products without quantum-safe encryption in 2027, just as Bitcoin developers weigh their own post-quantum timeline.
№ 006SecurityPedersen Commitments and Confidential Transactions Explained
Pedersen commitments hide transaction amounts while letting anyone verify no coins were created from nothing. The exact mechanism, step by step.
№ 007SecurityCoinbase Quantum Risk Report Flags Bitcoin Cold Wallets
Coinbase's quantum risk report puts exchange cold wallets among the bitcoin exposed by address reuse. What the warning means and what to watch.
№ 008SecurityBug vs Attack Chain Reorganizations: Key Differences
Chain reorgs look identical on the surface. Here's how engineers and analysts tell a bug apart from a deliberate attack, and why it matters.
№ 009SecuritySybil Attacks on Nakamoto Consensus: The Real Cost
Why flooding a proof-of-work network with fake identities doesn't work: the economic mechanics that make Sybil attacks prohibitively expensive.