Ethereum Casper FFG: Surround vs Double Votes Explained
Casper FFG defines two distinct slashing conditions with different attack surfaces. The mechanical difference between surround and double votes, with examples.
№ 002EthereumEthereum Validator Rewards: The Issuance Rate Curve
Ethereum's validator yield compresses as total staked ETH rises, the square root mechanic, real thresholds, and what yield looks like at 30M+ ETH staked.
№ 003EthereumEthereum Validator Queue: Deposit Timing and the Churn Limit
Ethereum's churn limit throttles validator activations to a fixed per-epoch rate. Understand the mechanics before your 32 ETH sits idle for weeks.
№ 004EthereumEthereum Validator Consolidation: Solo vs Pool Staking
EIP-7251 raises the effective balance ceiling to 2,048 ETH per validator, reshaping costs, compounding, and the competitive gap between solo stakers and pools.
№ 005EthereumEthereum Validators: BLS Aggregation Limits and Scaling
BLS signatures cut verification cost near-constant, but aggregation routing scales with validator count. The mechanics, tradeoffs, and what breaks first.
№ 006EthereumEIP-7251 Validator Consolidation and Voting Power
EIP-7251 raises Ethereum's validator cap to 2,048 ETH, reshaping stake-weighted voting power, compounding rewards, and who actually carries the slashing risk.
№ 007EthereumEthereum Proposer-Builder Separation: PBS Explained
PBS splits block construction from proposal on Ethereum, compressing MEV yield gaps between solo stakers and large pools while shifting power to builders.
№ 008EthereumEthereum Attestation Inclusion Delay Reward Explained
Ethereum pays validators proportionally for how fast their attestations land on-chain. The mechanic, the tradeoffs, and what it signals about network health.
№ 009EthereumMEV and Validator Economics in Ethereum's Builder Market
How miner extractable value reshapes validator revenue when block builders control proposal rights, mechanics, numbers, and what most miss.
№ 010EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period Explained
When validator churn outpaces protocol assumptions, Ethereum's weak subjectivity window shrinks, and your node won't warn you. The exact mechanic, examined.
№ 011EthereumEthereum's Validator Activation Queue Explained
Ethereum's churn limit throttles validator entry to protect consensus stability. The mechanic, the math, and what it costs depositors who miss the timing.
№ 012EthereumEthereum Validator Penalties: Inactivity Leaks vs Slashing
Inactivity leaks and slashing penalize Ethereum validators through different mechanisms. The math, timelines, and what each means for staking economics.