Ethereum's Fork Choice Rule and Late Attestations
How Ethereum's LMD-GHOST handles attestations that arrive after the voting deadline, and what it means for chain security.
№ 002EthereumGasper Attestation Timing: Slot Weights Explained
Gasper cuts attestation rewards sharply with each slot of delay. The precise mechanic, the three scoring components, and worked numbers.
№ 003EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST
Gasper powers Ethereum's finality. Learn how Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST fork choice combine to keep the chain safe and live.
№ 004EthereumEthereum Attestation Aggregation Explained
Ethereum's attestation aggregation shrinks consensus bandwidth by orders of magnitude while keeping fault tolerance intact. The actual mechanism, examined.
№ 005EthereumEthereum Validator Exit Queue and Slashing Explained
How Ethereum's exit queue and slashing penalties interact during withdrawal, the mechanics, the math, and what validators actually face.
№ 006EthereumEthereum Inactivity Leak and Clustered Validator Risk
How Ethereum's inactivity leak punishes geographically clustered validators harder than spread-out ones, and what the math actually looks like.
№ 007EthereumEthereum Proposer Boost: Stopping Short-Range Reorg Attacks
Proposer boost adds a 40% committee-weight bonus to timely blocks, raising the cost of short-range reorg attacks above rational MEV profit thresholds.
№ 008EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period: How It's Calculated
Ethereum's weak subjectivity period isn't arbitrary. Learn how validator withdrawal rates set its length and why it matters for node security.
№ 009EthereumEthereum Validator Inactivity Leaks Explained
Inactivity leaks drain ETH stake gradually by design. The math is specific, the tradeoffs are real, and every serious validator operator should understand both.
№ 010EthereumEthereum's Sync Committee: Light Client Verification
512 validators, BLS aggregation, and rotating handoffs let Ethereum light clients verify the chain head themselves, no full node, no trusted server required.
№ 011EthereumValidator Client Diversity and Ethereum Safety
A majority-client bug can finalize a bad block permanently, understand why the validator layer carries more systemic risk than the execution layer.
№ 012EthereumEthereum's Deposit Contract: No Withdrawals by Design
Ethereum's deposit contract holds no withdrawal logic, no admin key, and no override. How 32 ETH became a one-way trip, and the tradeoffs that followed.