Ethereum's Fork Choice Rule: Tie-Breaking in LMD-GHOST
When two Ethereum blocks carry identical attestation weight, a deterministic root-hash rule decides the winner, the mechanic explained, with a worked example.
№ 002EthereumEthereum Gasper: Proposer Slashing Explained
Gasper slashes validators who sign two blocks at the same slot. Mechanism, correlation penalty math, and a concrete worked example.
№ 003EthereumEthereum's Fork Choice Rule and Late Attestations
How Ethereum's LMD-GHOST handles attestations that arrive after the voting deadline, and what it means for chain security.
№ 004EthereumGasper Attestation Timing: Slot Weights Explained
Gasper cuts attestation rewards sharply with each slot of delay. The precise mechanic, the three scoring components, and worked numbers.
№ 005EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST
Gasper powers Ethereum's finality. Learn how Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST fork choice combine to keep the chain safe and live.
№ 006EthereumEthereum Attestation Aggregation Explained
Ethereum's attestation aggregation shrinks consensus bandwidth by orders of magnitude while keeping fault tolerance intact. The actual mechanism, examined.
№ 007EthereumEthereum Proposer Boost: Stopping Short-Range Reorg Attacks
Proposer boost adds a 40% committee-weight bonus to timely blocks, raising the cost of short-range reorg attacks above rational MEV profit thresholds.
№ 008EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period: How It's Calculated
Ethereum's weak subjectivity period isn't arbitrary. Learn how validator withdrawal rates set its length and why it matters for node security.
№ 009EthereumEthereum Validator Inactivity Leaks Explained
Inactivity leaks drain ETH stake gradually by design. The math is specific, the tradeoffs are real, and every serious validator operator should understand both.
№ 010EthereumEthereum's Sync Committee: Light Client Verification
512 validators, BLS aggregation, and rotating handoffs let Ethereum light clients verify the chain head themselves, no full node, no trusted server required.
№ 011EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Checkpoints Explained
Long-range attacks can rewrite proof-of-stake history silently. This is the precise mechanism Ethereum uses to stop them, and what node operators must verify.
№ 012EthereumHow Proof-of-Stake Validators Are Selected for Blocks
Proof-of-stake block proposer selection isn't random luck. Here's the precise mechanism that keeps it fair and resistant to centralization.