Ethereum Weak Subjectivity Checkpoints Explained
How Ethereum's weak subjectivity checkpoints work, why new nodes depend on them, and what that means for bootstrap security assumptions.
№ 002EthereumEthereum Casper FFG: The Two-Thirds Finality Threshold
Casper FFG requires a two-thirds stake supermajority to finalize checkpoints. The mechanic, the math behind the threshold, and what breaks when it fails.
№ 003EthereumEthereum Validators: BLS Aggregation Limits and Scaling
BLS signatures cut verification cost near-constant, but aggregation routing scales with validator count. The mechanics, tradeoffs, and what breaks first.
№ 004EthereumEIP-7251 Validator Consolidation and Voting Power
EIP-7251 raises Ethereum's validator cap to 2,048 ETH, reshaping stake-weighted voting power, compounding rewards, and who actually carries the slashing risk.
№ 005EthereumEthereum Attestation Inclusion Delay Reward Explained
Ethereum pays validators proportionally for how fast their attestations land on-chain. The mechanic, the tradeoffs, and what it signals about network health.
№ 006EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Checkpoint Finality Explained
Gasper pairs LMD-GHOST with Casper FFG to finalize Ethereum blocks. The checkpoint math, the two-thirds threshold, and what irreversibility actually costs.
№ 007EthereumEthereum Weak Subjectivity Period Explained
When validator churn outpaces protocol assumptions, Ethereum's weak subjectivity window shrinks, and your node won't warn you. The exact mechanic, examined.
№ 008EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Block Finality Explained
Gasper requires two-thirds of staked ETH to justify a checkpoint before finalizing it. The exact mechanic, the numbers, and the tradeoffs.
№ 009EthereumEthereum Precompiles Require Consensus Changes
Ethereum precompiles live in client code, not on-chain bytecode. Adding one splits the network unless every node upgrades at the same block height.
№ 010EthereumEthereum's Gasper Consensus: Fork Choice Explained
Gasper fuses LMD-GHOST and Casper FFG to resolve competing chain heads. A close look at the mechanics behind late attestations and local reorgs.
№ 011EthereumEthereum Gasper Slashing: Attestation Rules and Penalties
Gasper punishes double voting and surround votes with scaled ETH penalties. The math, the failure modes, and why slashing protection databases matter.
№ 012EthereumEthereum's Fork Choice Rule: Tie-Breaking in LMD-GHOST
When two Ethereum blocks carry identical attestation weight, a deterministic root-hash rule decides the winner, the mechanic explained, with a worked example.